Estructura y clasificación de las obligaciones - Concepto y elementos de la obligación - Clasificación de las obligaciones. Modalidades - Fuentes de las obligaciones - El acto jurídico - El hecho jurídico - Efecto de las obligaciones - La ejecución coactiva - Los derechos auxiliares del acreedor - Excusas frente a la pretensión de cumplimiento - Transmisión de las obligaciones - Extinción de las obligaciones - Clasificación de los modos de extinguir las obligaciones - Modos directos de extinguir obligaciones - (...) Modos indirectos de extinguir obligaciones - Pruebas de las obligaciones. (shrink)

The main aim of the study is to ascertain contrastively, in English and Spanish, how directive speech acts are represented in film discourse. For the purpose of the investigation, the directive speech acts of 24 films, 12 in English and 12 in Spanish, were extracted and analysed. A classification taxonomy, inspired by previous research, was created in order to categorize the different types of directive speech acts and determine their level of (in)directness. The results show that indirectness is more widely (...) represented in the English than in the Spanish film scripts, thus confirming the assertion that being indirect is a distinctive feature of English native speakers (Grundy, 2008). This research makes a valuable contribution to the exploration of speech acts in filmspeak and informs the existing local grammar descriptions of the linguistic patterns of directive speech acts. (shrink)

In this article, we formally define and investigate the computational complexity of the definability problem for open first-order formulas with equality. Given a logic $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$, the $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$-definability problem for finite structures takes as an input a finite structure $\boldsymbol{A}$ and a target relation $T$ over the domain of $\boldsymbol{A}$ and determines whether there is a formula of $\boldsymbol{\mathcal{L}}$ whose interpretation in $\boldsymbol{A}$ coincides with $T$. We show that the complexity of this problem for open first-order formulas is coNP-complete. We also (...) investigate the parametric complexity of the problem and prove that if the size and the arity of the target relation $T$ are taken as parameters, then open definability is $\textrm{coW}[1]$-complete for every vocabulary $\tau $ with at least one, at least binary, relation. (shrink)

Evaluation processes are a basic component of creativity. They guide not only the pure judgement about a new artefact but also the generation itself, as creators constantly evaluate their own work. This paper proposes a model for automatic story generation based on the evaluation of stories. A model of how quality in stories is evaluated is presented, and two possible implementations of the generation guided by this evaluation are shown: exhaustive space exploration and constrained exploration. A theoretical model and its (...) implementation are explained and validation of the evaluation function through comparison with human criteria is described. (shrink)

El artículo presenta una propuesta para promover la comprensión de las nociones de posibilidad, necesidad y validez argumental. Por medio de un criterio psicológico, la propuesta busca que los estudiantes capten dichas nociones de forma intuitiva antes de comenzar a usar las pruebas formales de validez. Se muestra cómo puede adaptarse la propuesta en el uso de los diagramas de Venn y en la diagramación de algunas formas silogísticas que la teoría clásica del silogismo considera válidas pero que no aparecen (...) como formas válidas en la diagramación canónica que usa los diagramas de Venn. (shrink)

Para delimitar la formalidad propia de la Filosofía de la Educación es necesario precisar si ésta es filosofía teórica o filosofía práctica, si incluye en su argumentación conceptos metafísicos, antropológicos y éticos o si se subordina a ellos sin incluirlos. La Filosofía de la Educación como saber práctico se subordina a la Ética. Esta es filosofía práctica porque trata sobre operables con el fin de conocerlos y no de actuar. Es directiva del obrar humano solamente en lo que se refiere (...) a los principios generales, no a la dirección del obrar concreto. Las estimaciones morales primeras no son conclusiones de tesis metafísicas, aunque sea necesario algún conocimiento de éstas para que sea efectiva la evidencia de aquéllas. Tampoco se derivan las proposiciones prácticas de proposiciones teóricas, por lo que no hay "paso indebido" como pretendía la "ley de Hume". El fin de la filosofía práctica es el conocimiento del deber ser de los actos humanos. En el caso de la Filosofía de la Educación, el conocimiento está formalmente dirigido al proceso o actividad que permite perfeccionar al hombre a través de sus actos, sus hábitos y su modo de vida, y al fin o producto de esa actividad que le permite encaminarse hacia su fin último. Lo que afirmamos sobre la educación y su fin universal exige comprender qué son los diversos fines y cómo se relacionan unos con otros, lo que requiere conocimientos propios de la filosofía teórica, presupuestos por la Filosofía de Educación, que busca el fundamento de los juicios prescriptivos, indagando por qué se debe hacer lo que recomiendan las normas que se proponen para dar sentido al proceso educativo. (shrink)

El presente trabajo discute, en primerlugar, la tesis de la neutralidad moral dela ciencia. Se examinan, a la luz de lospuntos de vista del Positivismo Lógico,los posibles significados de esta tesis,así como la plausibilidad de cada uno.En segundo l ugar, el t rabaj o anal i zael problema de las relaciones entre laci enci a y el mal . Apel ando a al gunastesis de David Hume, se argumenta queel problema no reside en la ciencia comotal, sino más bien en (...) la parte irracional dela naturaleza humana. Se concluye que loque se necesita para enfrentar las enormesamenazas destructivas que surgen deciertas aplicaciones de la ciencia, no es uncambio en el aspecto racional del hombre,sino justamente un cambio en su parteirracional. This essays discusses, firstly, the thesisof science’s neutrality. In the light of theviews of logical positivism, the possiblemeanings of this thesis are examined, aswell as their plausibility. Secondly, weanalyze the problem of the relationshipsbetween evi l and good. Appeal i ng tocertain Humean views, we argue that theproblem does not lie in science itself, butin the irrational side of human nature. Weconclude that what is needed to face thebig destructive threats that come from cer-tain applications of science is not a changein the rational side of man, but precisely achange in its irrational side. (shrink)

Questions concerning the proof-theoretic strength of classical versus nonclassical theories of truth have received some attention recently. A particularly convenient case study concerns classical and nonclassical axiomatizations of fixed-point semantics. It is known that nonclassical axiomatizations in four- or three-valued logics are substantially weaker than their classical counterparts. In this paper we consider the addition of a suitable conditional to First-Degree Entailment—a logic recently studied by Hannes Leitgeb under the label HYPE. We show in particular that, by formulating the theory (...) PKF over HYPE, one obtains a theory that is sound with respect to fixed-point models, while being proof-theoretically on a par with its classical counterpart KF. Moreover, we establish that also its schematic extension—in the sense of Feferman—is as strong as the schematic extension of KF, thus matching the strength of predicative analysis. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Ethical research on consumption has focused mainly on the obligations, principles and values guiding consumers' actions and reasons for action. In doing so, it has concerned itself mostly with such bounded contexts as voluntary simplifiers, anti-consumption movements or so-called ‘ethical consumers,’ thereby fostering an artificial opposition between ethical and non-ethical consumption. This paper proposes virtue ethics as a more apt conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of consumption because it takes into account the developmental dynamic triggered by engagement in consumption (...) practices. We build on MacIntyre's goods-virtues-practices-institutions framework and Beabout's concept of a domain-relative practice and argue that when engaging in consumption activities, agents may pursue goods internal to practices, further their individual life narratives and contribute to the good of their communities, thus developing virtues that perfect themselves both as consumers and as ethical agents. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:Ethical research on consumption has focused mainly on the obligations, principles and values guiding consumers' actions and reasons for action. In doing so, it has concerned itself mostly with such bounded contexts as voluntary simplifiers, anti-consumption movements or so-called ‘ethical consumers,’ thereby fostering an artificial opposition between ethical and non-ethical consumption. This paper proposes virtue ethics as a more apt conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of consumption because it takes into account the developmental dynamic triggered by engagement in consumption (...) practices. We build on MacIntyre's goods-virtues-practices-institutions framework and Beabout's concept of a domain-relative practice and argue that when engaging in consumption activities, agents may pursue goods internal to practices, further their individual life narratives and contribute to the good of their communities, thus developing virtues that perfect themselves both as consumers and as ethical agents. (shrink)

Thanking, as other speech acts such as apologizing or requesting, can be performed in numerous contexts and, for their analysis, many crucial variables must be taken into consideration, which often are difficult to control. Besides these variables, speech acts are carried out in different situations, taking into account the culture in which they are performed. For example, thanking might be performed after alighting a bus in the UK, the USA or Australia, but this might not necessarily happen in Spain. The (...) aim of the study on which this paper is based, in to explore thanking contrastively in British English and in Peninsular Spanish from a pragmatic viewpoint, by looking at specific independent variables: the context and situation in which this speech act is performed, the relationship between the interlocutors who perform it, which includes social power and distance, and the reason for expressing gratitude. For the purpose of this investigation, a corpus of 128 textbooks for the learning and teaching of Spanish and English as foreign languages was used. It is important to note that, although these corpora are built on prefabricated dialogues and these can be regarded as abstractions of reality, the communicative situations found in the textbooks are aimed at depicting exchanges and linguistic patterns representing what naturally occurs in real conversations in both cultures. (shrink)

This article studies natural food packaging as enabling artifacts of the traditional material culture of Antioquia in Colombia. For this purpose, we consider artifacts as objective nodes that combine design and use intentions, functions, materials, histories, artifactual lineages, and cooperative relationships that stabilize ritualized practices of a human group. We take the example of natural packaging as artifacts that enablers and stabilizers of traditional cooking and food preparation practices. Natural packaging materials are here assumed to be leaves having some favorable (...) property to contain a food product. After providing a theoretical reflection, we analyze the data collected from fieldwork we conducted in two towns in Antioquia, Colombia (Santa Fe de Antioquia and Amagá), as well as from an interview with an expert in the field. Finally, we show that it is possible to postulate an analysis under a relational ontological description of a traditional practice with conceptual categories of the philosophy of technology. (shrink)

Conditional independence tests have received special attention lately in machine learning and computational intelligence related literature as an important indicator of the relationship among the variables used by their models. In the field of probabilistic graphical models, which includes Bayesian network models, conditional independence tests are especially important for the task of learning the probabilistic graphical model structure from data. In this paper, we propose the full Bayesian significance test for tests of conditional independence for discrete datasets. The full Bayesian (...) significance test is a powerful Bayesian test for precise hypothesis, as an alternative to the frequentist’s significance tests (characterized by the calculation of the p-value). (shrink)

Business Ethics: A European Review, EarlyView.

Clinical ethics refers to an emerging field in clinical medicine that focuses on the process of ethical decision-making in a clinicalsetting. It has developed as a result of a growing awareness that modern medicine – characterized by technological progress, culturaldiversity and social challenges – is posing a range of new “ethical dilemmas” that medical science alone cannot solve. For thisreason, clinical ethics is often linked to “ethics consultation,” which consists of services provided by an individual ethicist, ethicsteam or committee to (...) address the ethical issues involved in a specific clinical case. Although clinical ethics developed in the beginningmainly as a methodological analysis to arrive at a justification for clinical ethical decisions, it quickly has become clear thatthe difficulty in clinical decision-making is only one aspect of wider ethical problems pertaining to the doctor-patient relationshipas a whole and, most likely, to the core value of the medical profession. The principles method is usually presented as the mostpopular methodological approach to an analysis of clinical cases. However, strong criticism of this model has been voiced, and otheralternative approaches are referred to, such as the casuistry model. Recently, significant contributions have been made by narrativemedicine and virtue ethics. According to these methodologies, sound anthropology and a good relationship with the sick person arekey elements required of any person engaged in medical practice who aims to be genuinely appropriate from an ethical perspective. DOI: 10.5294/pebi.2016.20.1.3. (shrink)

From an evolutionary perspective, phenotypic, social, and environmental factors help to shape the different costs and benefits of pursuing different reproductive strategies from one individual to another. Since men’s reproductive success is mainly constrained to women’s availability, their mating orientations should be partially calibrated by features that women prefer in a potential partner. For long-term relationships, women prefer traits that signal access to resources, protection skills, and the willingness to share them. Using generalized linear models with laboratory data taken from (...) a Chilean population, this study aimed to test whether real and potential resources, protection skills, and the willingness to provide resources and protection are related to mating orientation in men. Our predictions were: socioeconomic status would be positively associated with long-term and short-term mating orientation but for long-term-oriented individuals, this would be enhanced by having a more favorable parenthood disposition and strength would be positively related to long-term mating orientation in men with higher socioeconomic status and a favorable disposition toward parenthood and it would have a positive and direct association with short-term mating orientation. Our results partially supported the first hypothesis, since men with higher socioeconomic status were more long-term oriented, but parenting disposition did not moderate this effect. Contrary to our expectations, socioeconomic status was not related to short-term mating orientation. Strength appeared not to be significant for long-term mating orientation, even interacting with other traits. However, strength by itself was powerfully linked with a short-term mating orientation. Our results suggest that only some individuals that are attractive for long-term relationships are indeed long-term oriented and may reflect the overall conflict of interests between mating strategies among sexes. (shrink)

Recent research has shown that cultural, linguistic, and sociodemographic peculiarities influence the measurement of trait emotional intelligence. Assessing trait EI in different populations fosters cross-cultural research and expands the construct’s nomological network. In mental health, the trait EI of clinical populations has been scarcely researched. Accordingly, the present study examined the relationship between trait EI and key sociodemographic variables on Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire datasets with mental healthcare patients from three different Spanish-speaking countries. Collectively, these datasets comprised 528 participants, 23% (...) from Chile, 28% from Peru, and 49% from Spain. The sociodemographic variables we used for trait EI comparisons were gender, age, educational level, civil status, and occupational status. Analyses involved Multigroup Exploratory Structural Equation Modelling and analysis of covariance. Our results revealed significant between-country differences in trait EI across the studied sociodemographic variables and interactions between these variables. Measurement invariance across the datasets was attained up to the scalar level regarding gender and education, although analyses on age, civil status, and occupation displayed non-invariance. The resultant psychometric evidence supports the suitability of the TEIQue-SF for the accurate cross-cultural assessment of trait EI in mental health settings. It also highlights the importance of incorporating trait EI into extant psychotherapeutic frameworks to enhance non-pharmacological treatment efficacy. (shrink)

It is not yet clear which response behavior requires self-regulatory effort in the moral dilemma task. Previous research has proposed that utilitarian responses require cognitive control, but subsequent studies have found inconsistencies with the empirical predictions of that hypothesis. In this paper we treat participants’ sensitivity to utilitarian gradients as a measure of performance. We confronted participants (N = 82) with a set of five dilemmas evoking a gradient of mean utilitarian responses in a 4-point scale and collected data on (...) heart rate variability and on utilitarian responses. We found positive correlations between tonic and phasic HRV and sensitivity to the utilitarian gradient in the high tonic group, but not in the low tonic group. Moreover, the low tonic group misplaced a scenario with a selfish incentive at the high end of the gradient. Results suggest that performance is represented by sensitivity correlated with HRV and accompanied with a reasonable placement of individual scenarios within the gradient. (shrink)

8 March, now known as International Women’s Day, is a day for feminist claims where demonstrations are organized in over 150 countries, with the participation of millions of women all around the world. These demonstrations can be viewed as collective rituals and thus focus attention on the processes that facilitate different psychosocial effects. This work aims to explore the mechanisms involved in participation in the demonstrations of 8 March 2020, collective and ritualized feminist actions, and their correlates associated with personal (...) well-being and collective well-being, collective efficacy and collective growth, and behavioral intention to support the fight for women’s rights. To this end, a cross-cultural study was conducted with the participation of 2,854 people from countries in Latin America and Europe, with a retrospective correlational cross-sectional design and a convenience sample. Participants were divided between demonstration participants and non-demonstrators or followers who monitored participants through the media and social networks. Compared with non-demonstrators and with males, female and non-binary gender respondents had greater scores in mechanisms and criterion variables. Further random-effects model meta-analyses revealed that the perceived emotional synchrony was consistently associated with more proximal mechanisms, as well as with criterion variables. Finally, sequential moderation analyses showed that proposed mechanisms successfully mediated the effects of participation on every criterion variable. These results indicate that participation in 8M marches and demonstrations can be analyzed through the literature on collective rituals. As such, collective participation implies positive outcomes both individually and collectively, which are further reinforced through key psychological mechanisms, in line with a Durkheimian approach to collective rituals. (shrink)

Este nuevo libro colectivo recoge los trabajos del grupo de investigación de Filosofía de la PUCE, elaborados entre 2019 y 2020. El tema elegido, Tecnología y política, define una de las problemáticas contemporáneas más relevantes dentro del trabajo académico. Como en ocasiones anteriores, cada autor plantea contextos de lectura diversos; los aportes recorren un escenario complejo, resultado de los caminos que cada uno ha elegido para consolidar su propia reflexión a partir de los proyectos de escritura de tesis de posgrado (...) y de investigaciones desarrolladas tanto en universidades europeas como americanas. Sin embargo, el punto de encuentro está dado en la perspectiva y en las condiciones que determinan la posibilidad de proponer un pensamiento crítico y propositivo desde América Latina. (shrink)

Altruism (a costly action that benefits others) and reciprocity (the repayment of acts in kind) differ in that the former expresses preferences about the outcome of a social interaction, whereas the latter requires, in addition, ascribing intentions to others. Interestingly, an individual’s behavior and neurophysiological activity under outcome- versus intention-based interactions has not been compared directly using different endowments in the same subject and during the same session. Here, we used a mixed version of the Dictator and the Investment games, (...) together with electroencephalography, to uncover a subject’s behavior and brain activity when challenged with endowments of different sizes in contexts that call for an altruistic (outcome-based) versus a reciprocal (intention-based) response. We found that subjects displayed positive or negative reciprocity (reciprocal responses greater or smaller than that for altruism, respectively) depending on the amount of trust they received. Furthermore, a subject’s late frontal negativity differed between conditions, predicting responses to trust in intentions-based trials. Finally, brain regions related with mentalizing and cognitive control were the cortical sources of this activity. Thus, our work disentangles the behavioral components present in the repayment of trust, and sheds light on the neural activity underlying the integration of outcomes and perceived intentions in human economic interactions. (shrink)

Los pueblos originarios que habitaban —y habitan— el territorio actualmente ocupado por el Estado argentino han sido objeto de una serie de procesos simultáneos de desposesión, discriminación y pauperización. No obstante, con el paso de las décadas y en el marco de la lucha que los primeros llevaran a cabo, el gobierno ha adecuado parte de su legislación a los requerimientos internacionales en relación con el respeto debido hacia los derechos de todos los pueblos. En ese marco, la ciudad rionegrina (...) de San Carlos de Bariloche —principal núcleo urbano del territorio provincial— fue declarada formalmente como Municipio intercultural en 2015. Sin embargo, a pesar del pronunciamiento oficial y del compromiso exigible a los dirigentes locales, algunas situaciones dan cuenta de una aplicación superflua y acotada de la normativa, así como, también, de la pervivencia de una historiografía conservadora que incide con efectos reaccionarios en el accionar de los funcionarios. Puntualmente, en base al análisis de circunstancias específicas bajo el marco intercultural de la legislación local vigente, el presente artículo se propone precisar falencias en el accionar del Municipio para dar cuenta de una postura vaga respecto del acompañamiento y salvaguarda de las comunidades mapuche. De esta manera, sin pretender que lo intercultural se agota en la relación pueblos originarios/Estado, el objetivo es encender una luz de alerta que motive un accionar superador por parte de quienes ejercen —y ejerzan— la función pública en la ciudad, bajo la convicción de que es necesario reivindicar los derechos del pueblo mapuche a su propia historia, territorio e identidad, todos ellos derechos humanos garantizados por la legislación internacional para todos los habitantes del planeta. (shrink)

El psicoanálisis surgió, hacia fines del siglo XIX, como una teoría científica que pretende explicar el aparato psíquico y como una forma de psicoterapia que es una aplicación de ella. Desde entonces, su metapsicología y sus técnicas de intervención han cambiado mucho, sobre todo como consecuencia del contraste permanente con la evidencia clínica. En muchos casos, sin embargo, su epistemología y su filosofía de la mente siguen siendo deudoras de los presupuestos teóricos con los que nació. Eso es doblemente negativo. (...) Por una parte, porque esa epistemología decimonónica suele estar comprometida con formas de fisicalismo y reductivismo que son por lo menos discutibles y que tienen consecuencias respecto de su concepción de lo mental. De otro lado, porque no facilita su integración con la filosofía de la mente actual. En este texto me propongo reseñar y comentar algunas tesis del libro de Carlos Caorsi, con el objetivo de mostrar la necesidad de mayor diálogo entre psicoanálisis y filosofía de la mente, concentrándome sobre todo en la ontología de lo mental que pudo haber presupuesto Freud y en la tesis de Caorsi sobre los sistemas lógicos que subyacerían a los sistemas psíquicos de la primera tópica freudiana. (shrink)

This chapter explores a generation of philosophers that emerged in Peru and became interested in positivism at the end of the nineteenth century. This generation that embraced positivism included Manuel Gonza´lez Prada, Alejandro Deustua, Jorge Polar, Mariano H. Cornejo, Carlos Lisson, Javier Prado, and Manuel Vicente Villara´n. The chapter addresses the interesting parallel that the first consolidated generation of Peruvian philosophers appeared at the end of a tragic and extremely devastating war, similar to the United States in the Civil (...) War era and the origins of pragmatism. (shrink)

This article examines four characters from the novel Hombres by Eugenio González in order to reveal the identities of those people who were an inspiration for the narrator to shape the fiction in novel. Since Hombres is placed temporarily in Carlos Ibáñez’s dictatorship, the narrator decides to hide the poet Gómez Rojas, the union leader Luis Triviño, Dr. Juan Gandulfo and the lawyer Carlos Vicuña between the pages of the book. This narrative procedure keeps these people’s identities safe; (...) considering that, making these names and activities evident would have represented a problem for the state security apparatus. (shrink)

Este trabajo analiza los aspectos más destacados de la polémica entre Juan Carlos Bayón y Eugenio Bulygin acerca de las lagunas jurídicas, el principio de prohibición y el alcance de la discreción judicial. En esta disputa, Bulygin defiende cuatro tesis centrales, enunciadas en Normative Systems : una cuidadosa distinción entre normas y proposiciones normativas es esencial para resolver el problema de las lagunas jurídicas, la versión débil del principio de prohibición no sirve para mostrar que no existen lagunas, la (...) versión fuerte del principio de prohibición es verdadera solo cuando el sistema es completo, y en casos de lagunas jurídicas, los jueces tienen discreción para resolver estas situaciones. Sin embargo, Bayón señala que el problema no es la falta de distinción entre normas y proposiciones normativas sino el desacuerdo acerca de cuándo una solución jurídica es concluyente. La diferencia entre soluciones prima facie y concluyente es esencial porque en ciertas situaciones, el derecho no da una respuesta pero tampoco deja espacio para la discrecionalidad judicial. Según Bayón, en estos casos el principio de prohibición "todo lo que no está prohibido está permitido" juega un papel fundamental. Este trabajo muestra que los argumentos de Bayón son insuficientes para rechazar las tesis clásicas defendidas por Bulygin. In this paper I analyze the most relevant aspects of the controversy between Juan Carlos Bayón and Eugenio Bulygin about the existence of legal gaps, the so called "principle of prohibition" and the scope of judicial discretion. In this debate, Bulygin defends four classical theses advanced in his wellknown book, Normative Systems : a careful distinction between norms and norm propositions is actually needed in order to solve the problem of legal gaps, the analytical truth of the weak version of the principle of prohibition cannot guarantee the completeness of legal systems, the strong version of the principle of prohibition is true only if legal systems are complete, and judges have discretion in cases of legal gaps. However, Bayón claims that the problem is not the lack of distinction between norms and norm proposition but rather the identification of conclusive legal solutions. Conclusive legal solutions must be distinguished from the prima facie solutions provided by explicitly enacted norms. According to Bayón, the difference between conclusive and prima facie solutions is essential in legally irrelevant cases; in such cases the principle of prohibition plays an essential role because it entails the rejection of judicial discretion. In this paper I claim that the arguments advanced by Bayón fail to provide a sound ground for discarding the classical theses defended by Bulygin. (shrink)